Python Documentation
Classes
State: enum class to represent possible cell states
Board: Board class to represent the game board
Point: Represents a point in 2-D space. attributes: x, y
Rectangle: Represents a rectangle. attributes: width, height, corner.
Card: Represents a standard playing card. Attributes: suit: integer 0-3 rank: integer 1-13
Deck: Represents a deck of cards. Attributes: cards: list of Card objects.
Hand: Represents a hand of playing cards.
Time: Represents the time of day. attributes: hour, minute, second
Markov: Encapsulates the statistical summary of a text.
Point: Represents a point in 2-D space. attributes: x, y
Test:
Time: Represents the time of day. attributes: hour, minute, second
PokerHand: Represents a poker hand.
LinearMap: A simple implementation of a map using a list of tuples where each tuple is a key-value pair.
BetterMap: A faster implementation of a map using a list of LinearMaps and the built-in function hash() to determine which LinearMap to put each key into.
HashMap: An implementation of a hashtable using a BetterMap that grows so that the number of items never exceeds the number of LinearMaps. The amortized cost of add should be O(1) provided that the implementation of sum in resize is linear.
Circle: Represents a circle. Attributes: center, radius
Kangaroo: A Kangaroo is a marsupial.
Hist: A map from each item (x) to its frequency.
PokerHand: Represents a poker hand.
PokerDeck: Represents a deck of cards that can deal poker hands.
Markov: Encapsulates the statistical summary of a text.
Time: Represents the time of day. attributes: hour, minute, second
Kangaroo: A Kangaroo is a marsupial.
Functions
fprint
My own function source code inspection function Filters out any print statements and input statements
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
fname |
divideTwo
function which takes a list and returns two halves
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
al |
merge
merge generates a new sorted list containing all elements contained in both sorted lists
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
A | ||
B |
mergesort
sorts the list using the mergesort algorithm
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
alist |
fprint
In IPython, you have the very convenient "func"?? which will inspect the source code (http://j.mp/inspectThis) My own function source code inspection function Filters out any print statements and input statements
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
fname |
selection_sort
Pure implementation of the selection sort algorithm in Python
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
collection: | some mutable ordered collection with heterogeneous comparable items inside | |
collection |
swap
swap two elements in a list
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
alist | ||
ai | ||
bi |
min_index
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
alist | ||
i |
print_history
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
hlist |
selectsort
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
alist |
selectsortf
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
alist |
selectsortc
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
alist |
selectsortd
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
alist |
min_index_c
function returns the index of the minimum value in the sublist alist[i:]
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
alist | ||
i |
circulate
Authors: kgashok
circulate between three variables, three times
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
a | is a integer | |
b | is a integer | |
c | is a integer |
circulate_list
Authors: kgashok
circulate 'n' elements in a list, n times
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
alist | contains the 'n' elements |
is_palindrome
Authors: kgashok
check whether a sequence is palindromic using unpacking
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
aseq | is a sequence, for e.g. string or list |
is_palindrome_rec
Authors: kgashok
check for palindrome using unpacking, recursively
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
aseq | is a sequence of elements, string or list |
is_palindrome_rec_slice
Authors: kgashok
check for palindrome using slicing, recursively
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
aseq | is a sequence of elements, string or list | |
first | is first element in seq | None |
last | is last element in seq | None |
moveTower
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
height | ||
fromPole | ||
toPole | ||
withPole |
moveDisk
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
disk | ||
fp | ||
tp |
get_addresses
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
anchors |
printURLs
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
url | ||
anchors | ||
f | None |
googleSearch
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
query |
googlesearch
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
searchfor |
mergesort
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
alist | ||
verbose | False |
mergesort2
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
w |
printlist
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
alist |
mergesort
Authors: kgashok
iterative mergesort implementation
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
series | is a sequence of unsorted elements |
calculateGrade
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
score | ||
gradeChart |
classAverage
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
scores | ||
gc |
test_random_lists
Generates 20 lists of random sizes within the range -5, 10, inclusive. Modify these as per your choice
qsort_one_liner
Authors: kgashok
function implements qsort algorithm in recursive mode
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
array | is list of numbers to be sorted |
qsort
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
L |
binary_search
Authors: kgashok
function implements binary search algorithm using slicing
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
alist | is list of numbers to be searched | |
token | is the number to be find in the list |
main
askForPlayerMove
Asks the player for a move. Returns (fromTower, toTower).
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
towers |
displayTowers
Display the current state.
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
towers |
displayDisk
Display a disk of the given width. A width of 0 means no disk.
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
width |
calculate_grade
Authors: kgashok
calculate the grade given a score and a grading chart.
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
score | individual student's score | |
gradeChart | list of tuples |
class_average
Authors: kgashok
returns the average grade for the entire class
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
scores | list of student scores | |
gc | list of tuples |
test_life_the_universe_and_everything
a simple example to start you off
getOutBoundURLs
Authors: kgashok
http://www.w3.org/TR/html5/text-level-semantics.html#the-a-element anchors contains all <a> tag elements from the HTML content. Iterate through the list of anchors and build list containing the href addresses whenever it is available.
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
anchors |
getOutBoundHttpURLs
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
alist |
generateBanner
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
url | ||
anchorCount | ||
outBoundCount | ||
linkCount |
printURLs
Print only those addresses that start with 'https' from valid anchors if 'f'ilename is valid, write extracted URLs to file as well
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
url | ||
anchors | ||
f | None |
sequence_gen
generate the Lucas Sequence and return upto n elements in a list and ref: https://cyber-dojo.org/kata/edit/s4Z3PL
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
number |
sequence_gen_alt
Authors: kgashok
generate the Lucas sequence using another 3 element list
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
number | is an int |
test_for_three_elements
test_for_five_elements
test_for_big_numbers
getOutBoundURLs
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
a_tags |
generateBanner
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
url | ||
anchorCount | ||
linkCount |
printURLs
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
url | ||
anchors | ||
f | None |
getOutBoundURLs2
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
anchors |
getOutBoundHttpURLs
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
alist |
swap_func
Authors: kgashok
swap the contents of a and b
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
a | is global | |
b | is global |
distance_between
Authors: kgashok
Computes the distance between two Point objects.
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
pointA | is a tuple | |
pointB | is a tuple |
test_random_lists
Generates 20 lists of random sizes within the range - 5, 10, inclusive.Modify these as per your choice
missing_plane
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
alist |
print_point
Print a Point object in human-readable format.
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
p |
find_center
Returns a Point at the center of a Rectangle. rect: Rectangle returns: new Point
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
rect |
grow_rectangle
Modifies the Rectangle by adding to its width and height. rect: Rectangle object. dwidth: change in width (can be negative). dheight: change in height (can be negative).
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
rect | ||
dwidth | ||
dheight |
main
factorial
Computes factorial of n recursively.
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
n |
estimate_pi
Computes an estimate of pi. Algorithm due to Srinivasa Ramanujan, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi
make_word_dict
Read the words in words.txt and return a dictionary that contains the words as keys
rotate_pairs
Prints all words that can be generated by rotating word. word: string word_dict: dictionary with words as keys
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
word | ||
word_dict |
str_fill
Returns i as a string with at least n digits. i: int n: int length returns: string
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
i | ||
n |
are_reversed
Checks if i and j are the reverse of each other. i: int j: int returns:bool
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
i | ||
j |
num_instances
Counts the number of palindromic ages. Returns the number of times the mother and daughter have palindromic ages in their lives, given the difference in age. diff: int difference in ages flag: bool, if True, prints the details
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
diff | ||
flag | False |
check_diffs
Finds age differences that satisfy the problem. Enumerates the possible differences in age between mother and daughter, and for each difference, counts the number of times over their lives they will have ages that are the reverse of each other.
walk
Prints the names of all files in dirname and its subdirectories. This is the version in the book. dirname: string name of directory
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
dirname |
walk2
Prints the names of all files in dirname and its subdirectories. This is the exercise solution, which uses os.walk. dirname: string name of directory
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
dirname |
square
Draws a square with sides of the given length. Returns the Turtle to the starting position and location.
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t | ||
length |
polyline
Draws n line segments. t: Turtle object n: number of line segments length: length of each segment angle: degrees between segments
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t | ||
n | ||
length | ||
angle |
polygon
Draws a polygon with n sides. t: Turtle n: number of sides length: length of each side.
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t | ||
n | ||
length |
arc
Draws an arc with the given radius and angle. t: Turtle r: radius angle: angle subtended by the arc, in degrees
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t | ||
r | ||
angle |
circle
Draws a circle with the given radius. t: Turtle r: radius
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t | ||
r |
nested_sum
Computes the total of all numbers in a list of lists. t: list of list of numbers returns: number
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t |
cumsum
Computes the cumulative sum of the numbers in t. t: list of numbers returns: list of numbers
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t |
middle
Returns all but the first and last elements of t. t: list returns: new list
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t |
chop
Removes the first and last elements of t. t: list returns: None
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t |
is_sorted
Checks whether a list is sorted. t: list returns: boolean
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t |
is_anagram
Checks whether two words are anagrams word1: string or list word2: string or list returns: boolean
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
word1 | ||
word2 |
has_duplicates
Returns True if any element appears more than once in a sequence. s: string or list returns: bool
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
s |
main
teleport
Moves the turtle without drawing a line. Postcondition: pen is down t: Turtle x: coordinate y: coordinate
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t | ||
x | ||
y |
keypress
Handles the event when a user presses a key. Checks if there is a function with the right name; otherwise it prints an error message. char: string, letter to draw
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
char |
carriage_return
Moves to the beginning of the next line.
presser
Returns a function object that executes keypress. char: character to draw when the function is executed returns: function with no arguments
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
char |
find_defining_class
Finds and returns the class object that will provide the definition of method_name (as a string) if it is invoked on obj. obj: any python object method_name: string method name
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
obj | ||
method_name |
ackermann
Computes the Ackermann function A(m, n) See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ackermann_function n, m: non-negative integers
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
m | ||
n |
make_word_dict
Read. the words in words.txt and return a dictionary that contains the words as keys.
homophones
Checks if words two can be pronounced the same way. If either word is not in the pronouncing dictionary, return False a, b: strings phonetic: map from words to pronunciation codes
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
a | ||
b | ||
phonetic |
check_word
Checks to see if the word has the following property: removing the first letter yields a word with the same pronunciation, and removing the second letter yields a word with the same pronunciation. word: string word_dict: dictionary with words as keys phonetic: map from words to pronunciation codes
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
word | ||
word_dict | ||
phonetic |
walk
Finds the names of all files in dirname and its subdirectories. dirname: string name of directory
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
dirname |
compute_checksum
Computes the MD5 checksum of the contents of a file. filename: string
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
filename |
check_diff
Computes the difference between the contents of two files. name1, name2: string filenames
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
name1 | ||
name2 |
pipe
Runs a command in a subprocess. cmd: string Unix command Returns (res, stat), the output of the subprocess and the exit status.
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
cmd |
compute_checksums
Computes checksums for all files with the given suffix. dirname: string name of directory to search suffix: string suffix to match Returns: map from checksum to list of files with that checksum
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
dirname | ||
suffix |
check_pairs
Checks whether any in a list of files differs from the others. names: list of string filenames
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
names |
print_duplicates
Checks for duplicate files. Reports any files with the same checksum and checks whether they are, in fact, identical. d: map from checksum to list of files with that checksum
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
d |
sed
Reads a source file and writes the destination file. In each line, replaces pattern with replace. pattern: string replace: string source: string filename dest: string filename
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
pattern | ||
replace | ||
source | ||
dest |
main
rotate_letter
Rotates a letter by n places. Does not change other chars. letter: single-letter string n: int Returns: single-letter string
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
letter | ||
n |
rotate_word
Rotates a word by n places. word: string n: integer Returns: string
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
word | ||
n |
do_twice
Runs a function twice. func: function object arg: argument passed to the function
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
func | ||
arg |
print_twice
Prints the argument twice. arg: anything printable
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
arg |
do_four
Runs a function four times. func: function object arg: argument passed to the function
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
func | ||
arg |
store_anagrams
Stores the anagrams from a dictionary in a shelf. filename: string file name of shelf anagram_map: dictionary that maps strings to list of anagrams
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
filename | ||
anagram_map |
read_anagrams
Looks up a word in a shelf and returns a list of its anagrams. filename: string file name of shelf word: word to look up
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
filename | ||
word |
main
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
script | ||
command | "make_db" |
interlock
Checks whether a word contains two interleaved words. word_list: list of strings word: string
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
word_list | ||
word |
interlock_general
Checks whether a word contains n interleaved words. word_list: list of strings word: string n: number of interleaved words
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
word_list | ||
word | ||
n | 3 |
draw_circle
Draws a circle. t: Turtle circle: Circle
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t | ||
circle |
draw_rect
Draws a rectangle. t: Turtle rect: Rectangle
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t | ||
rect |
print_time
Prints a string representation of the time. t: Time object
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t |
int_to_time
Makes a new Time object. seconds: int seconds since midnight.
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
seconds |
time_to_int
Computes the number of seconds since midnight. time: Time object.
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
time |
add_times
Adds two time objects. t1, t2: Time returns: Time
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t1 | ||
t2 |
valid_time
Checks whether a Time object satisfies the invariants. time: Time returns: boolean
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
time |
main
petal
Draws a petal using two arcs. t: Turtle r: radius of the arcs angle: angle (degrees) that subtends the arcs
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t | ||
r | ||
angle |
flower
Draws a flower with n petals. t: Turtle n: number of petals r: radius of the arcs angle: angle (degrees) that subtends the arcs
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t | ||
n | ||
r | ||
angle |
move
Move Turtle (t) forward (length) units without leaving a trail. Leaves the pen down.
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t | ||
length |
main
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
script | ||
filename | "emma.txt" | |
n | 100 | |
order | 2 |
make_word_list
Reads lines from a file and builds a list using append. returns: list of strings
in_bisect
Checks whether a word is in a list using bisection search. Precondition: the words in the list are sorted word_list: list of strings word: string
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
word_list | ||
word |
in_bisect_cheat
Checks whether a word is in a list using bisection search. Precondition: the words in the list are sorted word_list: list of strings word: string
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
word_list | ||
word |
metathesis_pairs
Print all pairs of words that differ by swapping two letters. d: map from word to list of anagrams
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
d |
word_distance
Computes the number of differences between two words. word1, word2: strings Returns: integer
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
word1 | ||
word2 |
read_dictionary
Reads from a file and builds a dictionary that maps from each word to a string that describes its primary pronunciation. Secondary pronunciations are added to the dictionary with a number, in parentheses, at the end of the key, so the key for the second pronunciation of "abdominal" is "abdominal(2)". filename: string returns: map from string to pronunciation
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
filename | "c06d" |
structshape
Returns a string that describes the shape of a data structure. ds: any Python object Returns: string
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
ds |
listrep
Returns a string representation of a list of type strings. t: list of strings Returns: string
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t |
setrep
Returns a string representation of a set of type strings. s: set of strings Returns: string
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
s |
append
Adds a new element to a list of type strings. Modifies res. res: list of type strings typestr: the new type string count: how many of the new type there are Returns: None
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
res | ||
typestr | ||
count |
main
signature
Returns the signature of this string. Signature is a string that contains all of the letters in order. s: string
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
s |
all_anagrams
Finds all anagrams in a list of words. filename: string filename of the word list Returns: a map from each word to a list of its anagrams.
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
filename |
print_anagram_sets
Prints the anagram sets in d. d: map from words to list of their anagrams
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
d |
print_anagram_sets_in_order
Prints the anagram sets in d in decreasing order of size. d: map from words to list of their anagrams
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
d |
filter_length
Select only the words in d that have n letters. d: map from word to list of anagrams n: integer number of letters returns: new map from word to list of anagrams
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
d | ||
n |
random_word
Chooses a random word from a histogram. The probability of each word is proportional to its frequency. hist: map from word to frequency
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
hist |
main
distance_between_points
Computes the distance between two Point objects. p1: Point p2: Point returns: float
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
p1 | ||
p2 |
move_rectangle
Move the Rectangle by modifying its corner object. rect: Rectangle object. dx: change in x coordinate (can be negative). dy: change in y coordinate (can be negative).
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
rect | ||
dx | ||
dy |
move_rectangle_copy
Move the Rectangle and return a new Rectangle object. rect: Rectangle object. dx: change in x coordinate (can be negative). dy: change in y coordinate (can be negative). returns: new Rectangle
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
rect | ||
dx | ||
dy |
main
int_to_time
Makes a new Time object. seconds: int seconds since midnight.
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
seconds |
main
is_after
Returns True if t1 is after t2; false otherwise.
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t1 | ||
t2 |
increment
Adds seconds to a Time object.
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t1 | ||
seconds |
mul_time
Multiplies a Time object by a factor.
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t1 | ||
factor |
days_until_birthday
How long until my next birthday?
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
birthday |
double_day
Compute the day when one person is twice as old as the other. b1: datetime birthday of the younger person b2: datetime birthday of the older person
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
b1 | ||
b2 |
datetime_exercises
Exercise solutions.
main
make_word_list1
Reads lines from a file and builds a list using append.
make_word_list2
Reads lines from a file and builds a list using list +.
subtract
Returns a set of all keys that appear in d1 but not d2. d1, d2: dictionaries
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
d1 | ||
d2 |
main
test_fun
test function which is used to validate if the custom packge installation worked successfully
walk
Finds the names of all files in dirname and its subdirectories. dirname: string name of directory
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
dirname |
compute_checksum
Computes the MD5 checksum of the contents of a file. filename: string
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
filename |
check_diff
Computes the difference between the contents of two files. name1, name2: string filenames
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
name1 | ||
name2 |
pipe
Runs a command in a subprocess. cmd: string Unix command Returns (res, stat), the output of the subprocess and the exit status.
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
cmd |
compute_checksums
Computes checksums for all files with the given suffix. dirname: string name of directory to search suffix: string suffix to match Returns: map from checksum to list of files with that checksum
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
dirname | ||
suffix |
check_pairs
Checks whether any in a list of files differs from the others. names: list of string filenames
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
names |
print_duplicates
Checks for duplicate files. Reports any files with the same checksum and checks whether they are, in fact, identical. d: map from checksum to list of files with that checksum
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
d |
process_file
Makes a histogram that contains the words from a file. filename: string skip_header: boolean, whether to skip the Gutenberg header returns: map from each word to the number of times it appears.
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
filename | ||
skip_header |
skip_gutenberg_header
Reads from fp until it finds the line that ends the header. fp: open file object
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
fp |
process_line
Adds the words in the line to the histogram. Modifies hist. line: string hist: histogram (map from word to frequency)
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
line | ||
hist |
most_common
Makes a list of word-freq pairs in descending order of frequency. hist: map from word to frequency returns: list of (frequency, word) pairs
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
hist |
print_most_common
Prints the most commons words in a histgram and their frequencies. hist: histogram (map from word to frequency) num: number of words to print
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
hist | ||
num | 10 |
subtract
Returns a dictionary with all keys that appear in d1 but not d2. d1, d2: dictionaries
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
d1 | ||
d2 |
total_words
Returns the total of the frequencies in a histogram.
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
hist |
different_words
Returns the number of different words in a histogram.
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
hist |
random_word
Chooses a random word from a histogram. The probability of each word is proportional to its frequency.
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
hist |
main
first
Returns the first character of a string.
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
word |
last
Returns the last of a string.
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
word |
middle
Returns all but the first and last characters of a string.
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
word |
is_palindrome
Returns True if word is a palindrome.
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
word |
make_word_dict
Reads a word list and returns a dictionary.
is_reducible
If word is reducible, returns a list of its reducible children. Also adds an entry to the memo dictionary. A string is reducible if it has at least one child that is reducible. The empty string is also reducible. word: string word_dict: dictionary with words as keys
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
word | ||
word_dict |
children
Returns a list of all words that can be formed by removing one letter. word: string Returns: list of strings
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
word | ||
word_dict |
all_reducible
Checks all words in the word_dict; returns a list reducible ones. word_dict: dictionary with words as keys
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
word_dict |
print_trail
Prints the sequence of words that reduces this word to the empty string. If there is more than one choice, it chooses the first. word: string
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
word |
print_longest_words
Finds the longest reducible words and prints them. word_dict: dictionary of valid words
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
word_dict |
do_twice
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
f |
do_four
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
f |
print_beam
print_post
print_beams
print_posts
print_row
print_grid
one_four_one
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
f | ||
g | ||
h |
print_plus
print_dash
print_bar
print_space
print_end
nothing
do nothing
print1beam
print1post
print4beams
print4posts
print_row
print_grid
has_duplicates
Returns True if any element appears more than once in a sequence. t: list returns: bool
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t |
random_bdays
Returns a list of integers between 1 and 365, with length n. n: int returns: list of int
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
n |
count_matches
Generates a sample of birthdays and counts duplicates. num_students: how many students in the group num_samples: how many groups to simulate returns: int
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
num_students | ||
num_simulations |
main
Runs the birthday simulation and prints the number of matches.
main
is_triple_double
Tests if a word contains three consecutive double letters. word: string returns: bool
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
word |
find_triple_double
Reads a word list and prints words with triple double letters.
point_in_circle
Checks whether a point lies inside a circle (or on the boundary). point: Point object circle: Circle object
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
point | ||
circle |
rect_in_circle
Checks whether the corners of a rect fall in/on a circle. rect: Rectangle object circle: Circle object
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
rect | ||
circle |
rect_circle_overlap
Checks whether any corners of a rect fall in/on a circle. rect: Rectangle object circle: Circle object
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
rect | ||
circle |
main
draw_spiral
Draws an Archimedian spiral starting at the origin. Args: n: how many line segments to draw length: how long each segment is a: how loose the initial spiral starts out (larger is looser) b: how loosly coiled the spiral is (larger is looser) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiral
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t | ||
n | ||
length | 3 | |
a | 0.1 | |
b | 0.0002 |
most_frequent
Sorts the letters in s in reverse order of frequency. s: string Returns: list of letters
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
s |
make_histogram
Make a map from letters to number of times they appear in s. s: string Returns: map from letter to frequency
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
s |
read_file
Returns the contents of a file as a string.
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
filename |
rank_freq
Returns a list of (rank, freq) tuples. hist: map from word to frequency returns: list of (rank, freq) tuples
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
hist |
print_ranks
Prints the rank vs. frequency data. hist: map from word to frequency
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
hist |
plot_ranks
Plots frequency vs. rank. hist: map from word to frequency scale: string 'linear' or 'log'
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
hist | ||
scale | "log" |
main
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
script | ||
filename | "emma.txt" | |
flag | "plot" |
pipe
Runs a command in a subprocess. cmd: string Unix command Returns (res, stat), the output of the subprocess and the exit status.
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
cmd |
reverse_pair
Checks whether a reversed word appears in word_list. word_list: list of strings word: string
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
word_list | ||
word |
fd
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t | ||
length |
bk
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t | ||
length |
lt
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t | ||
angle | 90 |
rt
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t | ||
angle | 90 |
pd
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t |
pu
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t |
fdlt
forward and left
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t | ||
n | ||
angle | 90 |
fdbk
forward and back, ending at the original position
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t | ||
n |
skip
lift the pen and move
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t | ||
n |
stump
Makes a vertical line and leave the turtle at the top, facing right
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t | ||
n | ||
angle | 90 |
hollow
move the turtle vertically and leave it at the top, facing right
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t | ||
n |
post
Makes a vertical line and return to the original position
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t | ||
n |
beam
Makes a horizontal line at the given height and return.
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t | ||
n | ||
height |
hangman
Makes a vertical line to the given height and a horizontal line at the given height and then return. This is efficient to implement, and turns out to be useful, but it's not so semantically clean.
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t | ||
n | ||
height |
diagonal
Makes a diagonal line to the given x, y offsets and return
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t | ||
x | ||
y |
vshape
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t | ||
n | ||
height |
bump
Makes a bump with radius n at height*n
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t | ||
n | ||
height |
draw_a
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t | ||
n |
draw_b
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t | ||
n |
draw_c
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t | ||
n |
draw_d
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t | ||
n |
draw_ef
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t | ||
n |
draw_e
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t | ||
n |
draw_f
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t | ||
n |
draw_g
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t | ||
n |
draw_h
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t | ||
n |
draw_i
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t | ||
n |
draw_j
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t | ||
n |
draw_k
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t | ||
n |
draw_l
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t | ||
n |
draw_n
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t | ||
n |
draw_m
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t | ||
n |
draw_o
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t | ||
n |
draw_p
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t | ||
n |
draw_q
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t | ||
n |
draw_r
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t | ||
n |
draw_s
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t | ||
n |
draw_t
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t | ||
n |
draw_u
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t | ||
n |
draw_v
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t | ||
n |
draw_w
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t | ||
n |
draw_x
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t | ||
n |
draw_v
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t | ||
n |
draw_y
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t | ||
n |
draw_z
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t | ||
n |
draw_
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t | ||
n |
main
draw_pie
Draws a pie, then moves into position to the right. t: Turtle n: number of segments r: length of the radial spokes
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t | ||
n | ||
r |
polypie
Draws a pie divided into radial segments. t: Turtle n: number of segments r: length of the radial spokes
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t | ||
n | ||
r |
isosceles
Draws an icosceles triangle. The turtle starts and ends at the peak, facing the middle of the base. t: Turtle r: length of the equal legs angle: peak angle in degrees
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t | ||
r | ||
angle |
main
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
script | ||
filename | "emma.txt" | |
n | 100 | |
order | 2 |
invert_dict
Inverts a dictionary, returning a map from val to a list of keys. If the mapping key->val appears in d, then in the new dictionary val maps to a list that includes key. d: dict Returns: dict
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
d |
ackermann
Computes the Ackermann function A(m, n) See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ackermann_function n, m: non-negative integers
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
m | ||
n |
main
int_to_time
Makes a new Time object. seconds: int seconds since midnight.
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
seconds |
main
sort_by_length
Sort a list of words in reverse order by length. This is the version in the book; it is stable in the sense that words with the same length appear in the same order words: list of strings Returns: list of strings
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
words |
sort_by_length_random
Sort a list of words in reverse order by length. This is the solution to the exercise. It is unstable in the sense that if two words have the same length, their order in the output list is random. It works by extending the list of tuples with a column of random numbers; when there is a tie in the first column, the random column determines the output order. words: list of strings Returns: list of strings
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
words |
has_duplicates
Checks whether any element appears more than once in a sequence. Simple version using a for loop. t: sequence
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t |
has_duplicates2
Checks whether any element appears more than once in a sequence. Faster version using a set. t: sequence
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t |
koch
Draws a koch curve with length n.
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t | ||
n |
snowflake
Draws a snowflake (a triangle with a Koch curve for each side).
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
t | ||
n |
has_palindrome
Checks if the string representation of i has a palindrome. i: integer start: where in the string to start length: length of the palindrome to check for
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
i | ||
start | ||
length |
check
Checks if the integer (i) has the desired properties. i: int
Parameters
| name | description | default |
|---|---|---|
i |
check_all
Enumerate the six-digit numbers and print any winners.
test_fun2
test function which is used to validate if the custom packge installation worked successfully
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