UNIT III CONTROL FLOW, FUNCTIONS

Conditionals: Boolean values and operators, conditional (if), alternative (if-else), chained conditional (if-elif-else); Iteration: state, while, for, break, continue, pass; Fruitful functions: return values, parameters, local and global scope, function composition, recursion; Strings: string slices, immutability, string functions and methods, string module; Lists as arrays. Illustrative programs: square root, gcd, exponentiation, sum an array of numbers, linear search, binary search

3.1. CONDITIONALS:

3.1.1 BOOLEAN VALUES AND OPERATORS:

A Boolean expression is an expression that is either true or false.
Converting Boolean to integer, the value is always 0 for false and 1 for true
Converting integer to Boolean, the value is True for all integers except zero
Python type is bool.

Boolean Expression	Meaning
x != y	x is not equal to y
x > y	x greater than y
x<y	x less than y
x<=y	x less than or equal to
x>=y	x greater than or equal to

Boolean Expression

Meaning

x != y

x is not equal to y

x > y

x greater than y

x<y

x less than y

x<=y

x less than or equal to

x>=y

x greater than or equal to

Boolean and Logical operators

1. and Operator:

Op1	Op2	Op1 and Op2
TRUE	TRUE	TRUE
TRUE	FALSE	FALSE
FALSE	TRUE	FALSE
FALSE	FALSE	FALSE

Op1

Op2

Op1 and Op2

TRUE

FALSE

TRUE

FALSE

1. or Operator:

Op1	Op2	Op1 or Op2
TRUE	TRUE	TRUE
TRUE	FALSE	TRUE
FALSE	TRUE	TRUE
FALSE	FALSE	FALSE

Op1

Op2

Op1 or Op2

TRUE

FALSE

TRUE

FALSE

TRUE

FALSE

Example 1: “and” operator

   A python program to display the National holidays.
   For example:
       January 26-Republic day
       August 15-Indepependance day
       October 2-Gandhi Jayanthi*
   If user input is other than the given condition,Error will be displayed as “Invalid input”.

		    print("Enter Month and Day")
			month=input()
			day=int(input())
			if(month =="january" and day ==26):
				print ("republic day")
			elif(month =="august" and day ==15):
				print ("independence day")
			elif(month =="october" and day ==2):
				print ("Gandhi Jayanthi")
			else:
				print ("invalid input")

Example 1: “or” operator

Number of days in a month varies from 30 to 31 days.
Write a python program to read the name of the month and display corresponding days.
If he input is other than the given month, then display error message as “Invalid”.

    import sys
	month=input()
	if(month=="may" or month=="july" or month=="august"):
		 print ("31")
	elif(month=="jun"):
		 print ("30")
	else:
		 print ("invalid")`

3.1.2. OPERATORS

Each built-in data types come with its set of operators.
Operators are the constructs which can manipulate the value of operands.
They are generally classified into binary and unary operators based on the number of arguments.
Binary operators require two operands
Python language supports the following types of operators.
1. Arithmetic Operators
2. Comparison (Relational) Operators
3. Assignment Operators
4. Logical Operators
5. Membership Operators
6. Identity Operators

i) Arithmetic operators

Arithmetic operators are used to perform mathematical operations like addition, subtraction, Multiplication
Assume variable ‘a’ holds 10 and variable ‘b’ holds 20 then the following table shows the result of arithmetic operators.

Operator	Description	Example
+ Addition	Adds values on either side of the operator.	a + b = 30
-Subtraction	Subtracts right hand operand from left hand operand.	a – b = -10
* Multiplication	Multiplies values on either side of the operator	a * b = 200
/ Division	Divides left hand operand by right hand operand	b / a = 2
% Modulus	Divides left hand operand by right hand operand and returns remainder	b % a = 0
** Exponent	Performs exponential (power) calculation on operators	a**b =10 to the power 20
// Floor Division	The division of operands where the result is the quotient in which the digits after the decimal point are removed. But if one of the operands is negative, the result is floored, i.e., rounded away from zero (towards negative infinity) −	9//2 = 4 and 9.0//2.0 = 4.0, -11//3 = -4, -11.0//3 = -4.0

Operator

Description

Example

+ Addition

Adds values on either side of the operator.

a + b = 30

-Subtraction

Subtracts right hand operand from left hand operand.

a – b = -10

* Multiplication

Multiplies values on either side of the operator

a * b = 200

/ Division

Divides left hand operand by right hand operand

b / a = 2

% Modulus

Divides left hand operand by right hand operand and returns remainder

b % a = 0

** Exponent

Performs exponential (power) calculation on operators

a**b =10 to the power 20

// Floor Division

The division of operands where the result is the quotient in which the digits after the decimal point are removed. But if one of the operands is negative, the result is floored, i.e., rounded away from zero (towards negative infinity) −

9//2 = 4 and 9.0//2.0 = 4.0, -11//3 = -4, -11.0//3 = -4.0

(ii) Comparison Operators

• These operators compare the values on either sides of them and decide the relation among them. They are also called Relational operators. • The result of these operators is a Boolean value (True / False) • Assume variable a holds 10 and variable b holds 20, then

Operator	Description	Example
== Equal	If the values of two operands are equal, then the condition becomes true.	(a == b) is not true.
!= Not Equal	If values of two operands are not equal, then condition becomes true.	(a != b) is true.
> Greater than	If the value of left operand is greater than the value of right operand, then condition becomes true.	(a > b) is not true.
<	If the value of left operand is less than the value of right operand, then condition becomes true.	(a < b) is true.
>=	If the value of left operand is greater than or equal to the value of right operand, then condition becomes true.	(a >= b) is not true.
<=	If the value of left operand is less than or equal to the value of right operand, then condition becomes true.	(a <= b) is true.

Operator

Description

Example

== Equal

If the values of two operands are equal, then the condition becomes true.

(a == b) is not true.

!= Not Equal

If values of two operands are not equal, then condition becomes true.

(a != b) is true.

> Greater than

If the value of left operand is greater than the value of right operand, then condition becomes true.

(a > b) is not true.

If the value of left operand is less than the value of right operand, then condition becomes true.

(a < b) is true.

If the value of left operand is greater than or equal to the value of right operand, then condition becomes true.

(a >= b) is not true.

If the value of left operand is less than or equal to the value of right operand, then condition becomes true.

(a <= b) is true.

(iii) Assignment and Compound Operators

• Used to assign values to variables • Compound operator performs arithmetic operation and then assigns the value • Assume variable a holds 10 and variable b holds 20, then

Operator	Description	Example
= Assignment	Assigns values from right side operands to left side operand	c = a + b assigns value of a + b into c
+= Add & Assign	It adds right operand to the left operand and assign the result to left operand	c += a is equivalent to c = c + a
-= Subtract & Assign	It subtracts right operand from the left operand and assign the result to left operand	c -= a is equivalent to c = c - a
_= Multiply and Assign	It multiplies right operand with the left operand and assign the result to left operand	c _= a is equivalent to c = c * a
/= Divide and Assign	It divides left operand with the right operand and assign the result to left operand	c /= a is equivalent to c = c / ac /= a is equivalent to c = c / a
%= Modulus & Assign	It takes modulus using two operands and assign the result to left operand	c %= a is equivalent to c = c % a
**= Exponent & Assign	Performs exponential (power) calculation on operators and assign value to the left operand	c = a is equivalent to c = c a

Operator

Description

Example

= Assignment

Assigns values from right side operands to left side operand

c = a + b assigns value of a + b into c

+= Add & Assign

It adds right operand to the left operand and assign the result to left operand

c += a is equivalent to c = c + a

-= Subtract & Assign

It subtracts right operand from the left operand and assign the result to left operand

c -= a is equivalent to c = c - a

_= Multiply and Assign

It multiplies right operand with the left operand and assign the result to left operand

c _= a is equivalent to c = c * a

/= Divide and Assign

It divides left operand with the right operand and assign the result to left operand

c /= a is equivalent to c = c / ac /= a is equivalent to c = c / a

%= Modulus & Assign

It takes modulus using two operands and assign the result to left operand

c %= a is equivalent to c = c % a

**= Exponent & Assign

Performs exponential (power) calculation on operators and assign value to the left operand

c ** = a is equivalent to c = c ** a

iv) Logical Operators

• There are following logical operators supported by Python language. Assume variable a holds 10 and variable b holds 20 then • Used to reverse the logical state of its operand. • There are following logical operators supported by Python language. Assume variable a holds 10 and variable b holds 20 then –

Operator	Description	Example
and Logical AND	If both the operands are true then condition becomes true.	(a and b) is true.
or Logical OR	If any of the two operands are non-zero then condition becomes true.	(a or b) is true.
not Logical NOT	Used to reverse the logical state of its operand.	Not(a and b) is false.

Operator

Description

Example

and Logical AND

If both the operands are true then condition becomes true.

(a and b) is true.

or Logical OR

If any of the two operands are non-zero then condition becomes true.

(a or b) is true.

not Logical NOT

Used to reverse the logical state of its operand.

Not(a and b) is false.

v) Membership Operators

• Python’s membership operators test for membership in a sequence, such as strings, lists, or tuples. • There are two membership operators as explained below –

Operator	Descrription	Example
in	True if value/variable is found in the sequence	5 in numlist, returns true if 5 is in the numlist.
not in	True if value/variable is not found in the sequence	5 in numlist, returns false if 5 is not in the numlist.

Operator

Descrription

Example

True if value/variable is found in the sequence

5 in numlist, returns true if 5 is in the numlist.

not in

True if value/variable is not found in the sequence

5 in numlist, returns false if 5 is not in the numlist.

vi) Identity Opertors

• ‘is’ operator – Evaluates to true if the variables on either side of the operator point to the same object and false otherwise. • ‘is not’ operator – Evaluates to false if the variables on either side of the operator point to the same object and true otherwise.

Operator	Description	Example
is	Evaluates to true if the variables on either side of the operator point to the same object and false otherwise.	x is y, here is results in 1 if id(x) equals id(y).
is not	Evaluates to false if the variables on either side of the operator point to the same object and true otherwise.	x is not y, here is not results in 1 if id(x) is not equal to id(y).

Operator

Description

Example

Evaluates to true if the variables on either side of the operator point to the same object and false otherwise.

x is y, here is results in 1 if id(x) equals id(y).

is not

Evaluates to false if the variables on either side of the operator point to the same object and true otherwise.

x is not y, here is not results in 1 if id(x) is not equal to id(y).

3.1.3 CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

• In programming language conditional statements are used to perform different computations or actions depending on whether a condition evaluates to true or false • The conditions use comparisons and arithmetic expressions with variables • The expressions are evaluated to Boolean values True or False

Available conditional statements in python are

if statement
If..else statement
If..elif..else statement
Nested if statement

Rules for conditional statements: • The colon(:) is required at the end of the condition • The body of the if statement is indicated by the indentation(four spces are used for indentation) • Python interprets non-zero values as true and 0 as false

1. ‘if’ STATEMENT (CONDITIONAL STATEMENT)

• Sometimes we want to execute a code or a block of code only if a certain condition is satisfied. • the program evaluates the condition and will execute statement(s) only if the condition is True. • If the condition is False, the statement(s) is not executed. • In Python, the body of the if statement is indented. • Python interprets non-zero values as True. None and 0 are interpreted as False. Syntax

   if (test expression/condition):
		 statement(s)

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